Memory and Aging Glossary
Agnosia: A loss of the ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, 形状或气味没有伤害到主要的感觉器官或记忆丧失.
Agrammatism: The presence of grammatical errors in speech, 例如冠词的省略或错误用法(“cow jump over moon”), 介词(“狗走桥”)或动词(“猫吃老鼠”).
Akinetic mutism: A state where a person can no longer move or talk due to damage to the base of the brain, but the person is awake (not comatose), with eyes open, and can follow what is going on in his or her surroundings.
Amyloid: A clump of insoluble, fibrous protein that can accumulate in brain tissue, caused by different diseases. 这些沉积物破坏细胞功能并可能导致细胞过早死亡. 聚集的蛋白质会随着特定的疾病而变化.
Aphasia: A loss of the ability to produce and/or understand language due to injury to brain areas specialized for these functions.
Apraxia: The loss of the ability to perform tasks that require remembering patterns or sequences of movements, such as waving goodbye.
Associative agnosia: A failure to assign meaning to an object, animal or building that is clearly perceived. For example, 一个有联想视觉诊断的病人可能会画一头牛, but would not know what a cow was or did.
Ataxia: Shaky movements, wobbliness, 走路不稳和笨拙,通常是由小脑损伤引起的, a part of the brain which controls movement.
Atrophy: Wasting away or shrinking. 神经元萎缩是指神经元的消耗,即神经元密度的降低.
BSE牛海绵状脑病,又称“疯牛病”."
Cellular inclusion: Any small entity found within a cell.
Central nervous system:用来描述大脑和脊髓的总称.
Cerebellar ataxia: Shaky movements, wobbliness, 走路不稳和笨拙,通常是由小脑损伤引起的, a part of the brain which controls movement.
Cerebellar signs: Pertaining to the cerebellum, 后脑勺位于脑后部,介于大脑和脑干之间的大脑部分. 小脑控制行走、站立和其他复杂运动功能的平衡.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)一种清澈的水状液体,用于沐浴、缓冲和保护大脑和脊髓.
Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, 哪一个负责学习和其他有意识的心理功能.
Chorea: Irregular, spasmodic, involuntary movements of the limbs or facial muscles, 常伴有张力减退(骨骼肌张力下降).
ChromosomeDNA链被压缩并组织成双螺旋结构. Humans typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Chromosome 17q21 (FTDP-17) 含有制造tau蛋白基因的染色体.
Codon 129: The human prion protein (PrP) has a common polymorphism at codon 129 of the gene PRNP; this polymorphism has a strong influence on genetic susceptibility to prion diseases.
Cortex: The outer portion of an organ. 在大脑中,大脑的外部部分是大脑皮层.
CT (computerized tomography): Pictures of structures within the body created by a computer that takes the data from multiple x-ray images and turns them into pictures. Compared to an x-ray, CT scan captures an entire slice of the body with about 100 times more clarity.
Dementia: A deterioration of intellectual faculties, such as memory, concentration and judgment, resulting from an organic disease or disorder of the brain. 有时还伴有情绪紊乱和性格改变.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid):一种复杂的分子,拥有你身体制造蛋白质的“蓝图”.
Dysesthesia: A condition in which an unpleasant sensation — known as painful sensory symptoms such as distortion or impairment of any sense, 尤其是触觉——是由普通的刺激产生的.
Dysphagia吞咽困难由于神经或肌肉控制问题而吞咽困难.
Dystonia: Involuntary, 持续的肌肉收缩,经常引起扭曲的身体运动, tremor and abnormal posture. 这些动作可能涉及整个身体,也可能只涉及一个孤立的区域.
Episodic memory: The memory of events, times, places, 与经验相关的情感和其他基于概念的知识.
Electroencephalogram (EEG): A recording of the electrical activity of your brain. Flat metal discs (electrodes) placed on your scalp detect and record the patterns of electrical activity generated by your brain.
Encephalopathy任何影响大脑功能的疾病.
Extrapyramidal signs锥体外系统调节对不稳定运动的潜意识控制, 基底神经节对肌张力和躯干稳定性的影响. Injuries to this system can cause movement disorders, 不能发起运动和/或不能保持不动.
Frontal lobe: The part of each hemisphere of the brain located behind the forehead that serves to regulate and mediate the higher intellectual functions. 额叶与大脑的其他区域有着复杂的联系. In the frontal lobes, we meld emotions, cognition, error detection, volition, a sense of self, and more to create our social brain.
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD): The umbrella term for the clinical syndromes of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), 语义性痴呆(SD)和进行性非流利性失语(PNFA). 这些综合征共同累及大脑额叶和颞叶. This term is sometimes used to refer specifically to bvFTD.
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD): The term that describes the specific pathological diseases that result in FTD syndromes. 分型是基于在神经元包涵体中发现的特定蛋白质.
Gait: How a person walks.
Gene编码特定蛋白质的DNA的特定亚基.
Gliosis: A process leading to scars in the central nervous system that involves the production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia (supporting cells) in areas of damage. 神经胶质瘤是许多中枢神经系统疾病的显著特征,包括 frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke. 中风后,神经元死亡并消失,伴有替代胶质细胞增生.
Gray matter脑皮层:大脑的皮层,包含神经细胞体. The gray matter is in contrast to the white matter, 髓鞘:大脑中含有髓鞘神经纤维的部分. The gray matter is so named because it appears gray.
Hyperreflexia: An abnormal, increased action of the reflexes; a reaction of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system to over-stimulation.
Iatrogenic: Disease acquired as the result of accidental transmission from one patient to another by medical or surgical procedures.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): A radiology technique that uses magnetism, radio waves and a computer to produce non-invasive, high-quality images of internal structures of the body. An MRI is painless, 不使用x射线辐射,是描绘大脑结构的有力工具.
Microtubules细胞或细胞骨架的支架结构的关键结构元素.
Mutation: A permanent change in the DNA or RNA, 指导蛋白质构建的分子“蓝图”. Mutations can be helpful, neutral or harmful, 并可随机发生或由环境因素引起.
Myoclonus肌肉或肌肉群突然的、不自觉的抽搐或抽搐.
Neurofibrillary tangle在神经元内发现的蛋白质的病理簇.
Neuronal inclusion在神经元(神经或脑细胞)内发现的任何小的胞内体.
Pathology通过器官检查对疾病的研究和诊断, tissues, bodily fluids or whole bodies.
PCR (polymerase chain reaction): A key technique in molecular genetics that rapidly copies a short section of DNA or RNA for analysis without having to clone it.
Pedigree: In medicine, a family health history diagrammed with a set of international symbols to indicate the individuals in the family, their relationships to one another, those with a disease, etc.
Phonemic paraphasias: Errors involving use of the incorrect phoneme ("ped" instead of "bed") or transposition of a phoneme ("efelant" for "elephant").
Pick bodies: A specific type of cellular inclusion made up of the protein tau and seen in some people with FTD.
Pick's disease:行为变异额颞叶痴呆(bvFTD)的另一个名称, also called frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
Presenile degenerative dementia: Dementia that starts in people before 65 years of age.
Presenting symptom: The first change in a person's behavior noticed by the patient or caregiver which brings them into the doctor's office.
Prion一种由不正常折叠的蛋白质组成的传染因子,没有遗传物质. A disease-causing agent that is neither bacterial nor fungal nor viral and contains no genetic material. The prion protein occurs normally in a harmless form. 通过折叠成一种异常的形状,正常的朊病毒蛋白变成了一种流氓. It then co-opts other normal prions to become rogue prions.
Prodromal symptoms: Any symptom affecting a system other than the nervous system preceding the first neurologic symptom or sign.
Pulvinar sign: Symmetrically increased signal intensity in the pulvinar region (posterior part of the thalamus) relative to the signal intensity in other deep and cortical gray matter areas on an MRI. The presence of this MRI feature may suggest a vCJD diagnosis in the appropriate clinical context.
Pyramidal signs金字塔系统控制着我们所有的自主运动. It is made up of two systems: upper motor neurons in the primary motor cortex and lower motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. The axons of the corticospinal tract condense to form the pyramids, giving the system its name. Injuries to this system can cause paralysis.
Rapidly progressive dementia: A form of dementia in which the time period from first symptom to dementia is less than two years and often less than one year.
Semantic memory:对意义、理解和其他基于概念的知识的记忆. Remembering that a robin is a bird with a red breast is one example of semantic knowledge.
Semantic paraphasia: The substitution of a word that is closely related to the target word, as in "cat" for "dog."
Sign: An indication that something is not right in the body, defined as things that can be seen by a doctor, nurse or other health care professional. For example, fever, rapid breathing rate and abnormal breathing sounds heard through a stethoscope may be signs of pneumonia.
Symptom疾病、疾病、受伤或身体不正常的迹象. 症状是由一个人感觉到或注意到的,但可能不容易被其他人注意到.
Tau: A protein in the body that aids in the cellular structure (cytoskeleton) and cellular transportation.
Temporal lobe: The lobe of the cerebral hemisphere located down on the side of the brain near the ears. 颞叶包含负责听觉的听觉皮层, language comprehension and memory.
Vacuolation一种神经病理学术语,用以取代“海绵状改变”的旧术语." This term describes the fluid-filled vesicles (vacuoles) that are seen at dendrite terminals in the neuropil (the network of nerve fibers, neuroglial cells and synapses in the gray matter). Brain damage characterized by a spongy appearance of brain tissue seen under a microscope. 这被认为是朊病毒疾病的典型神经病理特征.
White matter:大脑中含有髓鞘神经纤维的部分. The white matter is white because it is the color of myelin, the insulation covering the nerve fibers.
加州大学旧金山分校健康医学专家已经审查了这些信息. It is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or other health care provider. 我们鼓励您与您的供应商讨论您可能遇到的任何问题或疑虑.